Using directionality information from a cdef or intra coding process for restoration filtering

ABSTRACT

A method of video decoding includes determining directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on directionality of each of one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit determined by at least one of a previously performed CDEF process or a previously performed intra prediction coding process. The method also includes selecting, based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit, a set of filter parameters from among a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process, and, after the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process, performing one of a Wiener filter process or a self-guided projection filter process as the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the selected set of filter parameters.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/362,048, filed on Jun. 29, 2021, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/091,707, “FEATURE INFORMATION REUSE FOR ENHANCED RESTORATION FILTERING,” filed on Oct. 14, 2020, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The entire disclosures of the prior applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure describes embodiments generally related to video coding.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

Video coding and decoding can be performed using inter-picture prediction with motion compensation. Uncompressed digital video can include a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimension of, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (informally also known as frame rate) of, for example, 60 pictures per second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitrate requirements. For example, 1080p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample (1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requires close to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than 600 GBytes of storage space.

One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction of redundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compression can help reduce the aforementioned bandwidth or storage space requirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Both lossless and lossy compression, as well as a combination thereof can be employed. Lossless compression refers to techniques where an exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed original signal. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, but the distortion between original and reconstructed signals is small enough to make the reconstructed signal useful for the intended application. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely employed. The amount of distortion tolerated depends on the application; for example, users of certain consumer streaming applications may tolerate higher distortion than users of television distribution applications. The compression ratio achievable can reflect that: higher allowable/tolerable distortion can yield higher compression ratios.

A video encoder and decoder can utilize techniques from several broad categories, including, for example, motion compensation, transform, quantization, and entropy coding.

Video codec technologies can include techniques known as intra coding. In intra coding, sample values are represented without reference to samples or other data from previously reconstructed reference pictures. In some video codecs, the picture is spatially subdivided into blocks of samples. When all blocks of samples are coded in intra mode, that picture can be an intra picture. Intra pictures and their derivations such as independent decoder refresh pictures, can be used to reset the decoder state and can, therefore, be used as the first picture in a coded video bitstream and a video session, or as a still image. The samples of an intra block can be exposed to a transform, and the transform coefficients can be quantized before entropy coding. Intra prediction can be a technique that minimizes sample values in the pre-transform domain. In some cases, the smaller the DC value after a transform is, and the smaller the AC coefficients are, the fewer the bits that are required at a given quantization step size to represent the block after entropy coding.

Traditional intra coding such as known from, for example MPEG-2 generation coding technologies, does not use intra prediction. However, some newer video compression technologies include techniques that attempt, from, for example, surrounding sample data and/or metadata obtained during the encoding and/or decoding of spatially neighboring, and preceding in decoding order, blocks of data. Such techniques are henceforth called “intra prediction” techniques. Note that in at least some cases, intra prediction is only using reference data from the current picture under reconstruction and not from reference pictures.

There can be many different forms of intra prediction. When more than one of such techniques can be used in a given video coding technology, the technique in use can be coded in an intra prediction mode. In certain cases, modes can have submodes and/or parameters, and those can be coded individually or included in the mode codeword. Which codeword to use for a given mode, submode, and/or parameter combination can have an impact in the coding efficiency gain through intra prediction, and so can the entropy coding technology used to translate the codewords into a bitstream.

A certain mode of intra prediction was introduced with H.264, refined in H.265, and further refined in newer coding technologies such as joint exploration model (JEM), versatile video coding (VVC), and benchmark set (BMS). A predictor block can be formed using neighboring sample values belonging to already available samples. Sample values of neighboring samples are copied into the predictor block according to a direction. A reference to the direction in use can be coded in the bitstream or may be predicted itself.

Referring to FIG. 1A, depicted in the lower right is a subset of nine predictor directions known from H.265's 33 possible predictor directions (corresponding to the 33 angular modes of the 35 intra modes). The point where the arrows converge (101) represents the sample being predicted. The arrows represent the direction from which the sample is being predicted. For example, arrow (102) indicates that sample (101) is predicted from a sample or samples to the upper right, at a 45 degree angle from the horizontal. Similarly, arrow (103) indicates that sample (101) is predicted from a sample or samples to the lower left of sample (101), in a 22.5 degree angle from the horizontal.

Still referring to FIG. 1A, on the top left there is depicted a square block (104) of 4×4 samples (indicated by a dashed, boldface line). The square block (104) includes 16 samples, each labelled with an “S”, its position in the Y dimension (e.g., row index) and its position in the X dimension (e.g., column index). For example, sample S21 is the second sample in the Y dimension (from the top) and the first (from the left) sample in the X dimension. Similarly, sample S44 is the fourth sample in block (104) in both the Y and X dimensions. As the block is 4×4 samples in size, S44 is at the bottom right. Further shown are reference samples that follow a similar numbering scheme. A reference sample is labelled with an R, its Y position (e.g., row index) and X position (column index) relative to block (104). In both H.264 and H.265, prediction samples neighbor the block under reconstruction; therefore no negative values need to be used.

Intra picture prediction can work by copying reference sample values from the neighboring samples as appropriated by the signaled prediction direction. For example, assume the coded video bitstream includes signaling that, for this block, indicates a prediction direction consistent with arrow (102)—that is, samples are predicted from a prediction sample or samples to the upper right, at a 45 degree angle from the horizontal. In that case, samples S41, S32, S23, and S14 are predicted from the same reference sample R05. Sample S44 is then predicted from reference sample R08.

In certain cases, the values of multiple reference samples may be combined, for example through interpolation, in order to calculate a reference sample; especially when the directions are not evenly divisible by 45 degrees.

The number of possible directions has increased as video coding technology has developed. In H.264 (year 2003), nine different direction could be represented. That increased to 33 in H.265 (year 2013), and JEM/VVC/BMS, at the time of disclosure, can support up to 65 directions. Experiments have been conducted to identify the most likely directions, and certain techniques in the entropy coding are used to represent those likely directions in a small number of bits, accepting a certain penalty for less likely directions. Further, the directions themselves can sometimes be predicted from neighboring directions used in neighboring, already decoded, blocks.

FIG. 1B shows a schematic (105) that depicts 65 intra prediction directions according to JEM to illustrate the increasing number of prediction directions over time.

The mapping of intra prediction directions bits in the coded video bitstream that represent the direction can be different from video coding technology to video coding technology; and can range, for example, from simple direct mappings of prediction direction to intra prediction mode, to codewords, to complex adaptive schemes involving most probable modes, and similar techniques. In all cases, however, there can be certain directions that are statistically less likely to occur in video content than certain other directions. As the goal of video compression is the reduction of redundancy, those less likely directions will, in a well working video coding technology, be represented by a larger number of bits than more likely directions.

Motion compensation can be a lossy compression technique and can relate to techniques where a block of sample data from a previously reconstructed picture or part thereof (reference picture), after being spatially shifted in a direction indicated by a motion vector (MV henceforth), is used for the prediction of a newly reconstructed picture or picture part. In some cases, the reference picture can be the same as the picture currently under reconstruction. MVs can have two dimensions X and Y, or three dimensions, the third being an indication of the reference picture in use (the latter, indirectly, can be a time dimension).

In some video compression techniques, an MV applicable to a certain area of sample data can be predicted from other MVs, for example from those related to another area of sample data spatially adjacent to the area under reconstruction, and preceding that MV in decoding order. Doing so can substantially reduce the amount of data required for coding the MV, thereby removing redundancy and increasing compression. MV prediction can work effectively, for example, because when coding an input video signal derived from a camera (known as natural video) there is a statistical likelihood that areas larger than the area to which a single MV is applicable move in a similar direction and, therefore, can in some cases be predicted using a similar MV derived from MVs of a neighboring area. That results in the MV found for a given area to be similar or the same as the MV predicted from the surrounding MVs, and that in turn can be represented, after entropy coding, in a smaller number of bits than what would be used if coding the MV directly. In some cases, MV prediction can be an example of lossless compression of a signal (namely: the MVs) derived from the original signal (namely: the sample stream). In other cases, MV prediction itself can be lossy, for example because of rounding errors when calculating a predictor from several surrounding MVs.

Various MV prediction mechanisms are described in H.265/HEVC (ITU-T Rec. H.265, “High Efficiency Video Coding”, December 2016). Out of the many MV prediction mechanisms that H.265 offers, described herein is a technique henceforth referred to as “spatial merge.”

Referring to FIG. 1C, a current block (111) can include samples that have been found by the encoder during the motion search process to be predictable from a previous block of the same size that has been spatially shifted. Instead of coding that MV directly, the MV can be derived from metadata associated with one or more reference pictures, for example from the most recent (in decoding order) reference picture, using the MV associated with either one of five surrounding samples, denoted A0, A1, and B0, B1, B2 (112 through 116, respectively). In H.265, the MV prediction can use predictors from the same reference picture that the neighboring block is using.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure provide apparatuses for video encoding/decoding. An apparatus includes processing circuitry that determines directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on at least one of a constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF) process or an intra prediction mode. The processing circuitry determines one of a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit. The processing circuitry performs the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters. The processing circuitry reconstructs the video frame based on the filtered restoration filter unit.

In an embodiment, the restoration filter unit includes one or more directionality information units and the at least one of the CDEF process or the intra prediction mode is performed on one of the one or more directionality information units.

In an embodiment, each of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter is associated with at least one directionality of the CDEF process.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information and block variance information of the restoration filter unit.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit and filter strengths of the CDEF process.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on at least one of a majority vote or a consistency check of directionalities in the restoration filter unit.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on the intra prediction mode which is performed on a neighboring block of the restoration filter unit based on the restoration filter unit not being intra coded and the neighboring block being intra coded.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry performs the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the directionality information determined from the CDEF process matching the directionality information determined from the intra prediction mode.

In an embodiment, the restoration filter process is one of a Wiener filter process and a self-guided projection (SGRPRJ) filter process.

In an embodiment, the processing circuitry determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on one of a default set of filter parameters, a signaled index indicating a set of filter parameters, or a signaled set of filter parameters.

Aspects of the disclosure provide methods for video encoding/decoding. In the method, directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame is determined based on at least one of a CDEF process or an intra prediction mode. One of a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process is determined based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit. The restoration filter process is performed on the restoration filter unit based on the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters. The video frame is reconstructed based on the filtered restoration filter unit.

Aspects of the disclosure also provide non-transitory computer-readable mediums storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor cause the at least one processor to perform any one or a combination of the methods for video decoding.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features, the nature, and various advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of an exemplary subset of intra prediction modes;

FIG. 1B is an illustration of exemplary intra prediction directions;

FIG. 1C is a schematic illustration of a current block and its surrounding spatial merge candidates in one example;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a communication system in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of a decoder in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a simplified block diagram of an encoder in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an encoder in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a decoder in accordance with another embodiment;

FIG. 8 shows exemplary nominal angles according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 shows positions of top, left, and top-left samples for one pixel in a current block according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary recursive filter intra mode according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 shows some exemplary directions in a constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF) process according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 12 shows some exemplary block partitions according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 13 shows an example in which directionality unit blocks are merged into filtering units according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 14 shows another example where directionality unit blocks are merged into filtering units according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary mapping of directionality information between directional intra prediction modes and dominant directions derived during the CDEF process according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 16 shows an exemplary flowchart in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure; and

FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration of a computer system in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

I. Video Decoder and Encoder Systems

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system (200) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system (200) includes a plurality of terminal devices that can communicate with each other, via, for example, a network (250). For example, the communication system (200) includes a first pair of terminal devices (210) and (220) interconnected via the network (250). In the FIG. 2 example, the first pair of terminal devices (210) and (220) performs unidirectional transmission of data. For example, the terminal device (210) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device (210)) for transmission to the other terminal device (220) via the network (250). The encoded video data can be transmitted in the form of one or more coded video bitstreams. The terminal device (220) may receive the coded video data from the network (250), decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and display video pictures according to the recovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common in media serving applications and the like.

In another example, the communication system (200) includes a second pair of terminal devices (230) and (240) that performs bidirectional transmission of coded video data that may occur, for example, during videoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, in an example, each terminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240) may code video data (e.g., a stream of video pictures that are captured by the terminal device) for transmission to the other terminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240) via the network (250). Each terminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240) also may receive the coded video data transmitted by the other terminal device of the terminal devices (230) and (240), and may decode the coded video data to recover the video pictures and may display video pictures at an accessible display device according to the recovered video data.

In the FIG. 2 example, the terminal devices (210), (220), (230) and (240) may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phones but the principles of the present disclosure may be not so limited. Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptop computers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated video conferencing equipment. The network (250) represents any number of networks that convey coded video data among the terminal devices (210), (220), (230) and (240), including for example wireline (wired) and/or wireless communication networks. The communication network (250) may exchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels. Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, wide area networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes of the present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network (250) may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosure unless explained herein below.

FIG. 3 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosed subject matter, the placement of a video encoder and a video decoder in a streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equally applicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example, video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digital media including CD, DVD, memory stick, and the like.

A streaming system may include a capture subsystem (313) that can include a video source (301), for example a digital camera, creating for example a stream of video pictures (302) that are uncompressed. In an example, the stream of video pictures (302) includes samples that are taken by the digital camera. The stream of video pictures (302), depicted as a bold line to emphasize a high data volume when compared to encoded video data (304) (or coded video bitstreams), can be processed by an electronic device (320) that includes a video encoder (303) coupled to the video source (301). The video encoder (303) can include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detail below. The encoded video data (304) (or encoded video bitstream (304)), depicted as a thin line to emphasize the lower data volume when compared to the stream of video pictures (302), can be stored on a streaming server (305) for future use. One or more streaming client subsystems, such as client subsystems (306) and (308) in FIG. 3 can access the streaming server (305) to retrieve copies (307) and (309) of the encoded video data (304). A client subsystem (306) can include a video decoder (310), for example, in an electronic device (330). The video decoder (310) decodes the incoming copy (307) of the encoded video data and creates an outgoing stream of video pictures (311) that can be rendered on a display (312) (e.g., display screen) or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the encoded video data (304), (307), and (309) (e.g., video bitstreams) can be encoded according to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standards include ITU-T Recommendation H.265. In an example, a video coding standard under development is informally known as Versatile Video Coding (VVC). The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

It is noted that the electronic devices (320) and (330) can include other components (not shown). For example, the electronic device (320) can include a video decoder (not shown) and the electronic device (330) can include a video encoder (not shown) as well.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a video decoder (410) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video decoder (410) can be included in an electronic device (430). The electronic device (430) can include a receiver (431) (e.g., receiving circuitry). The video decoder (410) can be used in the place of the video decoder (310) in the FIG. 3 example.

The receiver (431) may receive one or more coded video sequences to be decoded by the video decoder (410); in the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The coded video sequence may be received from a channel (401), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encoded video data. The receiver (431) may receive the encoded video data with other data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams, that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted). The receiver (431) may separate the coded video sequence from the other data. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory (415) may be coupled in between the receiver (431) and an entropy decoder/parser (420) (“parser (420)” henceforth). In certain applications, the buffer memory (415) is part of the video decoder (410). In others, it can be outside of the video decoder (410) (not depicted). In still others, there can be a buffer memory (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (410), for example to combat network jitter, and in addition another buffer memory (415) inside the video decoder (410), for example to handle playout timing. When the receiver (431) is receiving data from a store/forward device of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from an isosynchronous network, the buffer memory (415) may not be needed, or can be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, the buffer memory (415) may be required, can be comparatively large and can be advantageously of adaptive size, and may at least partially be implemented in an operating system or similar elements (not depicted) outside of the video decoder (410).

The video decoder (410) may include the parser (420) to reconstruct symbols (421) from the coded video sequence. Categories of those symbols include information used to manage operation of the video decoder (410), and potentially information to control a rendering device such as a render device (412) (e.g., a display screen) that is not an integral part of the electronic device (430) but can be coupled to the electronic device (430), as was shown in FIG. 4 . The control information for the rendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser (420) may parse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence that is received. The coding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video coding technology or standard, and can follow various principles, including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser (420) may extract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at least one parameter corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The parser (420) may also extract from the coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values, MVs, and so forth.

The parser (420) may perform an entropy decoding/parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer memory (415), so as to create symbols (421).

Reconstruction of the symbols (421) can involve multiple different units depending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (such as: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors. Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroup control information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser (420). The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser (420) and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, the video decoder (410) can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as described below. In a practical implementation operating under commercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with each other and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit (451). The scaler/inverse transform unit (451) receives a quantized transform coefficient as well as control information, including which transform to use, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices, etc. as symbol(s) (421) from the parser (420). The scaler/inverse transform unit (451) can output blocks comprising sample values that can be input into aggregator (455).

In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform (451) can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not using predictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but can use predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of the current picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intra picture prediction unit (452). In some cases, the intra picture prediction unit (452) generates a block of the same size and shape of the block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructed information fetched from the current picture buffer (458). The current picture buffer (458) buffers, for example, partly reconstructed current picture and/or fully reconstructed current picture. The aggregator (455), in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the prediction information that the intra prediction unit (452) has generated to the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit (451).

In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit (451) can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensated block. In such a case, a motion compensation prediction unit (453) can access reference picture memory (457) to fetch samples used for prediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordance with the symbols (421) pertaining to the block, these samples can be added by the aggregator (455) to the output of the scaler/inverse transform unit (451) (in this case called the residual samples or residual signal) so as to generate output sample information. The addresses within the reference picture memory (457) from where the motion compensation prediction unit (453) fetches prediction samples can be controlled by MVs, available to the motion compensation prediction unit (453) in the form of symbols (421) that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the reference picture memory (457) when sub-sample exact MVs are in use, MV prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

The output samples of the aggregator (455) can be subject to various loop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit (456). Video compression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies that are controlled by parameters included in the coded video sequence (also referred to as coded video bitstream) and made available to the loop filter unit (456) as symbols (421) from the parser (420), but can also be responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.

The output of the loop filter unit (456) can be a sample stream that can be output to the render device (412) as well as stored in the reference picture memory (457) for use in future inter-picture prediction.

Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used as reference pictures for future prediction. For example, once a coded picture corresponding to a current picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, for example, the parser (420)), the current picture buffer (458) can become a part of the reference picture memory (457), and a fresh current picture buffer can be reallocated before commencing the reconstruction of the following coded picture.

The video decoder (410) may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technology in a standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sense that the coded video sequence adheres to both the syntax of the video compression technology or standard and the profiles as documented in the video compression technology or standard. Specifically, a profile can select certain tools as the only tools available for use under that profile from all the tools available in the video compression technology or standard. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of the video compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in some cases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled in the coded video sequence.

In an embodiment, the receiver (431) may receive additional (redundant) data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by the video decoder (410) to properly decode the data and/or to more accurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can be in the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, and so on.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a video encoder (503) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The video encoder (503) is included in an electronic device (520). The electronic device (520) includes a transmitter (540) (e.g., transmitting circuitry). The video encoder (503) can be used in the place of the video encoder (303) in the FIG. 3 example.

The video encoder (503) may receive video samples from a video source (501) (that is not part of the electronic device (520) in the FIG. 5 example) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the video encoder (503). In another example, the video source (501) is a part of the electronic device (520).

The video source (501) may provide the source video sequence to be coded by the video encoder (503) in the form of a digital video sample stream that can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, . . . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ), and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb 4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source (501) may be a storage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencing system, the video source (501) may be a camera that captures local image information as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as a plurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed in sequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array of pixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending on the sampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled in the art can readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples. The description below focuses on samples.

According to an embodiment, the video encoder (503) may code and compress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded video sequence (543) in real time or under any other time constraints as required by the application. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is one function of a controller (550). In some embodiments, the controller (550) controls other functional units as described below and is functionally coupled to the other functional units. The coupling is not depicted for clarity. Parameters set by the controller (550) can include rate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda value of rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, group of pictures (GOP) layout, maximum MV allowed reference area, and so forth. The controller (550) can be configured to have other suitable functions that pertain to the video encoder (503) optimized for a certain system design.

In some embodiments, the video encoder (503) is configured to operate in a coding loop. As an oversimplified description, in an example, the coding loop can include a source coder (530) (e.g., responsible for creating symbols, such as a symbol stream, based on an input picture to be coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder (533) embedded in the video encoder (503). The decoder (533) reconstructs the symbols to create the sample data in a similar manner as a (remote) decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and coded video bitstream is lossless in the video compression technologies considered in the disclosed subject matter). The reconstructed sample stream (sample data) is input to the reference picture memory (534). As the decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independent of decoder location (local or remote), the content in the reference picture memory (534) is also bit exact between the local encoder and remote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees” as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoder would “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, if synchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channel errors) is used in some related arts as well.

The operation of the “local” decoder (533) can be the same as of a “remote” decoder, such as the video decoder (410), which has already been described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 4 . Briefly referring also to FIG. 4 , however, as symbols are available and encoding/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by an entropy coder (545) and the parser (420) can be lossless, the entropy decoding parts of the video decoder (410), including the buffer memory (415) and the parser (420) may not be fully implemented in the local decoder (533).

An observation that can be made at this point is that any decoder technology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in a decoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identical functional form, in a corresponding encoder. For this reason, the disclosed subject matter focuses on decoder operation. The description of encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse of the comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certain areas a more detail description is required and provided below.

During operation, in some examples, the source coder (530) may perform motion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input picture predictively with reference to one or more previously-coded picture from the video sequence that were designated as “reference pictures”. In this manner, the coding engine (532) codes differences between pixel blocks of an input picture and pixel blocks of reference picture(s) that may be selected as prediction reference(s) to the input picture.

The local video decoder (533) may decode coded video data of pictures that may be designated as reference pictures, based on symbols created by the source coder (530). Operations of the coding engine (532) may advantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may be decoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 5 ), the reconstructed video sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequence with some errors. The local video decoder (533) replicates decoding processes that may be performed by the video decoder on reference pictures and may cause reconstructed reference pictures to be stored in the reference picture cache (534). In this manner, the video encoder (503) may store copies of reconstructed reference pictures locally that have common content as the reconstructed reference pictures that will be obtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

The predictor (535) may perform prediction searches for the coding engine (532). That is, for a new picture to be coded, the predictor (535) may search the reference picture memory (534) for sample data (as candidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as reference picture MVs, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as an appropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor (535) may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to find appropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined by search results obtained by the predictor (535), an input picture may have prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures stored in the reference picture memory (534).

The controller (550) may manage coding operations of the source coder (530), including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroup parameters used for encoding the video data.

Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected to entropy coding in the entropy coder (545). The entropy coder (545) translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units into a coded video sequence, by lossless compressing the symbols according to technologies such as Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmetic coding, and so forth.

The transmitter (540) may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as created by the entropy coder (545) to prepare for transmission via a communication channel (560), which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter (540) may merge coded video data from the video coder (503) with other data to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams (sources not shown).

The controller (550) may manage operation of the video encoder (503). During coding, the controller (550) may assign to each coded picture a certain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques that may be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures often may be assigned as one of the following picture types:

An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded without using any other picture in the sequence as a source of prediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of intra pictures, including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh (“IDR”) Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of I pictures and their respective applications and features.

A predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most one MV and reference index to predict the sample values of each block.

A bi-directionally predictive picture (B Picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most two MVs and reference indices to predict the sample values of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can use more than two reference pictures and associated metadata for the reconstruction of a single block.

Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality of sample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 samples each) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be coded predictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks as determined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respective pictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be coded non-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference to already coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intra prediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one previously coded reference picture. Blocks of B pictures may be coded predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

The video encoder (503) may perform coding operations according to a predetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.265. In its operation, the video encoder (503) may perform various compression operations, including predictive coding operations that exploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence. The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified by the video coding technology or standard being used.

In an embodiment, the transmitter (540) may transmit additional data with the encoded video. The source coder (530) may include such data as part of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprise temporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant data such as redundant pictures and slices, SEI messages, VUI parameter set fragments, and so on.

A video may be captured as a plurality of source pictures (video pictures) in a temporal sequence. Intra-picture prediction (often abbreviated to intra prediction) makes use of spatial correlation in a given picture, and inter-picture prediction makes uses of the (temporal or other) correlation between the pictures. In an example, a specific picture under encoding/decoding, which is referred to as a current picture, is partitioned into blocks. When a block in the current picture is similar to a reference block in a previously coded and still buffered reference picture in the video, the block in the current picture can be coded by a vector that is referred to as a MV. The MV points to the reference block in the reference picture, and can have a third dimension identifying the reference picture, in case multiple reference pictures are in use.

In some embodiments, a bi-prediction technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction. According to the bi-prediction technique, two reference pictures, such as a first reference picture and a second reference picture that are both prior in decoding order to the current picture in the video (but may be in the past and future, respectively, in display order) are used. A block in the current picture can be coded by a first MV that points to a first reference block in the first reference picture, and a second MV that points to a second reference block in the second reference picture. The block can be predicted by a combination of the first reference block and the second reference block.

Further, a merge mode technique can be used in the inter-picture prediction to improve coding efficiency.

According to some embodiments of the disclosure, predictions, such as inter-picture predictions and intra-picture predictions are performed in the unit of blocks. For example, according to the HEVC standard, a picture in a sequence of video pictures is partitioned into coding tree units (CTU) for compression, the CTUs in a picture have the same size, such as 64×64 pixels, 32×32 pixels, or 16×16 pixels. In general, a CTU includes three coding tree blocks (CTBs), which are one luma CTB and two chroma CTBs. Each CTU can be recursively quad-tree split into one or multiple coding units (CUs). For example, a CTU of 64×64 pixels can be split into one CU of 64×64 pixels, or 4 CUs of 32×32 pixels, or 16 CUs of 16×16 pixels. In an example, each CU is analyzed to determine a prediction type for the CU, such as an inter prediction type or an intra prediction type. The CU is split into one or more prediction units (PUs) depending on the temporal and/or spatial predictability. Generally, each PU includes a luma prediction block (PB), and two chroma PBs. In an embodiment, a prediction operation in coding (encoding/decoding) is performed in the unit of a prediction block. Using a luma prediction block as an example of a prediction block, the prediction block includes a matrix of values (e.g., luma values) for pixels, such as 8×8 pixels, 16×16 pixels, 8×16 pixels, 16×8 pixels, and the like.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a video encoder (603) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video encoder (603) is configured to receive a processing block (e.g., a prediction block) of sample values within a current video picture in a sequence of video pictures, and encode the processing block into a coded picture that is part of a coded video sequence. In an example, the video encoder (603) is used in the place of the video encoder (303) in the FIG. 3 example.

In an HEVC example, the video encoder (603) receives a matrix of sample values for a processing block, such as a prediction block of 8×8 samples, and the like. The video encoder (603) determines whether the processing block is best coded using intra mode, inter mode, or bi-prediction mode using, for example, rate-distortion optimization. When the processing block is to be coded in intra mode, the video encoder (603) may use an intra prediction technique to encode the processing block into the coded picture; and when the processing block is to be coded in inter mode or bi-prediction mode, the video encoder (603) may use an inter prediction or bi-prediction technique, respectively, to encode the processing block into the coded picture. In certain video coding technologies, merge mode can be an inter picture prediction submode where the MV is derived from one or more MV predictors without the benefit of a coded MV component outside the predictors. In certain other video coding technologies, a MV component applicable to the subject block may be present. In an example, the video encoder (603) includes other components, such as a mode decision module (not shown) to determine the mode of the processing blocks.

In the FIG. 6 example, the video encoder (603) includes the inter encoder (630), an intra encoder (622), a residue calculator (623), a switch (626), a residue encoder (624), a general controller (621), and an entropy encoder (625) coupled together as shown in FIG. 6 .

The inter encoder (630) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), compare the block to one or more reference blocks in reference pictures (e.g., blocks in previous pictures and later pictures), generate inter prediction information (e.g., description of redundant information according to inter encoding technique, MVs, merge mode information), and calculate inter prediction results (e.g., prediction block) based on the inter prediction information using any suitable technique. In some examples, the reference pictures are decoded reference pictures that are decoded based on the encoded video information.

The intra encoder (622) is configured to receive the samples of the current block (e.g., a processing block), in some cases compare the block to blocks already coded in the same picture, generate quantized coefficients after transform, and in some cases also intra prediction information (e.g., an intra prediction direction information according to one or more intra encoding techniques). In an example, the intra encoder (622) also calculates intra prediction results (e.g., prediction block) based on the intra prediction information and reference blocks in the same picture.

The general controller (621) is configured to determine general control data and control other components of the video encoder (603) based on the general control data. In an example, the general controller (621) determines the mode of the block, and provides a control signal to the switch (626) based on the mode. For example, when the mode is the intra mode, the general controller (621) controls the switch (626) to select the intra mode result for use by the residue calculator (623), and controls the entropy encoder (625) to select the intra prediction information and include the intra prediction information in the bitstream; and when the mode is the inter mode, the general controller (621) controls the switch (626) to select the inter prediction result for use by the residue calculator (623), and controls the entropy encoder (625) to select the inter prediction information and include the inter prediction information in the bitstream.

The residue calculator (623) is configured to calculate a difference (residue data) between the received block and prediction results selected from the intra encoder (622) or the inter encoder (630). The residue encoder (624) is configured to operate based on the residue data to encode the residue data to generate the transform coefficients. In an example, the residue encoder (624) is configured to convert the residue data from a spatial domain to a frequency domain, and generate the transform coefficients. The transform coefficients are then subject to quantization processing to obtain quantized transform coefficients. In various embodiments, the video encoder (603) also includes a residue decoder (628). The residue decoder (628) is configured to perform inverse-transform, and generate the decoded residue data. The decoded residue data can be suitably used by the intra encoder (622) and the inter encoder (630). For example, the inter encoder (630) can generate decoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and inter prediction information, and the intra encoder (622) can generate decoded blocks based on the decoded residue data and the intra prediction information. The decoded blocks are suitably processed to generate decoded pictures and the decoded pictures can be buffered in a memory circuit (not shown) and used as reference pictures in some examples.

The entropy encoder (625) is configured to format the bitstream to include the encoded block. The entropy encoder (625) is configured to include various information according to a suitable standard such as HEVC. In an example, the entropy encoder (625) is configured to include the general control data, the selected prediction information (e.g., intra prediction information or inter prediction information), the residue information, and other suitable information in the bitstream. Note that, according to the disclosed subject matter, when coding a block in the merge submode of either inter mode or bi-prediction mode, there is no residue information.

FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a video decoder (710) according to another embodiment of the disclosure. The video decoder (710) is configured to receive coded pictures that are part of a coded video sequence, and decode the coded pictures to generate reconstructed pictures. In an example, the video decoder (710) is used in the place of the video decoder (310) in the FIG. 3 example.

In the FIG. 7 example, the video decoder (710) includes an entropy decoder (771), an inter decoder (780), a residue decoder (773), a reconstruction module (774), and an intra decoder (772) coupled together as shown in FIG. 7 .

The entropy decoder (771) can be configured to reconstruct, from the coded picture, certain symbols that represent the syntax elements of which the coded picture is made up. Such symbols can include, for example, the mode in which a block is coded (such as, for example, intra mode, inter mode, bi-predicted mode, the latter two in merge submode or another submode), prediction information (such as, for example, intra prediction information or inter prediction information) that can identify certain sample or metadata that is used for prediction by the intra decoder (772) or the inter decoder (780), respectively, residual information in the form of, for example, quantized transform coefficients, and the like. In an example, when the prediction mode is inter or bi-predicted mode, the inter prediction information is provided to the inter decoder (780); and when the prediction type is the intra prediction type, the intra prediction information is provided to the intra decoder (772). The residual information can be subject to inverse quantization and is provided to the residue decoder (773).

The inter decoder (780) is configured to receive the inter prediction information, and generate inter prediction results based on the inter prediction information.

The intra decoder (772) is configured to receive the intra prediction information, and generate prediction results based on the intra prediction information.

The residue decoder (773) is configured to perform inverse quantization to extract de-quantized transform coefficients, and process the de-quantized transform coefficients to convert the residual from the frequency domain to the spatial domain. The residue decoder (773) may also require certain control information (to include the Quantizer Parameter (QP)), and that information may be provided by the entropy decoder (771) (data path not depicted as this may be low volume control information only).

The reconstruction module (774) is configured to combine, in the spatial domain, the residual as output by the residue decoder (773) and the prediction results (as output by the inter or intra prediction modules as the case may be) to form a reconstructed block, that may be part of the reconstructed picture, which in turn may be part of the reconstructed video. It is noted that other suitable operations, such as a deblocking operation and the like, can be performed to improve the visual quality.

It is noted that the video encoders (303), (503), and (603), and the video decoders (310), (410), and (710) can be implemented using any suitable technique. In an embodiment, the video encoders (303), (503), and (603), and the video decoders (310), (410), and (710) can be implemented using one or more integrated circuits. In another embodiment, the video encoders (303), (503), and (603), and the video decoders (310), (410), and (710) can be implemented using one or more processors that execute software instructions.

II. Intra Prediction

In some related examples such as VP9, 8 directional modes are supported, which correspond to angles from 45 to 207 degrees. To exploit more varieties of spatial redundancy in directional textures, in some related examples such as AOMedia Video 1 (AV1), directional intra modes are extended to an angle set with a finer granularity. The original 8 angles are slightly changed and referred to as nominal angles, and these 8 nominal angles are named as V_PRED, H_PRED, D45_PRED, D135_PRED, D113_PRED, D157_PRED, D203_PRED, and D67_PRED.

FIG. 8 shows exemplary nominal angles according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Each nominal angle can be associated with 7 finer angles, so there can be 56 directional angles in total, in some related examples such as AV1. A prediction angle is represented by a nominal intra angle plus an angle delta, which is derived by multiplying a factor (with a range of −3˜3) with a step size of 3 degrees. To implement directional prediction modes in AV1 through a generic way, all the 56 directional intra prediction angles in AV1 can be implemented with a unified directional predictor that projects each pixel to a reference sub-pixel location and interpolates the reference sub-pixel by a 2-tap bilinear filter.

In some related examples such as AV1, there are 5 non-directional smooth intra prediction modes, which are DC, PAETH, SMOOTH, SMOOTH_V, and SMOOTH_H. For DC prediction, an average of left and above neighboring samples is used as a predictor of a block to be predicted. For PAETH prediction, top, left, and top-left reference samples are firstly fetched, and then a value which is closest to (top+left−top−left) is set as a predictor for a pixel to be predicted.

FIG. 9 shows positions of top, left, and top-left samples for one pixel in a current block according to an embodiment of the disclosure. For SMOOTH, SMOOTH_V, and SMOOTH_H modes, a block is predicted using quadratic interpolation in vertical or horizontal directions, or an average of both directions.

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary recursive filter intra mode according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

To capture decaying spatial correlation with references on the edges, FILTER INTRA modes are designed for luma blocks. Five filter intra modes are defined in AV1, each represented by a set of eight 7-tap filters reflecting a correlation between pixels in a 4×2 patch and 7 neighbors adjacent to the patch. For example, weighting factors of a 7-tap filter are position dependent. As shown in FIG. 10 , an 8×8 block is split into eight 4×2 patches, which are indicated by B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, and B7. For each patch, its 7 neighbors, indicated by R0˜R6, are used to predict pixels in the respective patch. For patch B0, all the neighbors are already reconstructed. But for other patches, when not all the neighbors are reconstructed, the predicted values of immediate neighbors are used as reference values. For example, all the neighbors of patch B7 are not reconstructed, so the prediction samples of the neighbors (i.e., B5 and B6) of patch B7 are used instead.

For a chroma component, a chroma-only intra prediction mode, referred to as chroma from luma (CfL) mode, models chroma pixels as a linear function of coincident reconstructed luma pixels. The CfL prediction can be expressed as follows:

CfL(α)=α×L _(AC) +DC  Eq. (1)

where L_(AC) denotes an AC contribution of the luma component, α denotes a parameter of the linear model, and DC denotes a DC contribution of the chroma component. In an example, the reconstructed luma pixels are subsampled into a chroma resolution, and then an average value is subtracted to form the AC contribution. To approximate the chroma AC component from the AC contribution, instead of requiring a decoder to calculate scaling parameters as in some related examples, the CfL mode in AC1 determines the parameter a based on original chroma pixels and signals them in a bitstream. This reduces decoder complexity and yields more precise predictions. As for the DC contribution of the chroma component, it is computed using intra DC mode, which is sufficient for most chroma content and has mature fast implementations.

III. Loop Filtering

In some related examples such as AV1, three in-loop filters can be applied on reconstructed frames in an order of deblocking, constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF), and loop-restoration filter. The loop-restoration filter includes Wiener filter and self-guided projection (SGRPRJ) filter, one of which can be adaptively chosen.

The deblocking can be applied across a transform block boundary in order to reduce blocky artifacts caused by quantization of transform coefficients. In some examples, 4, 8, and 14 tap finite impulse response (FIR) filters can be used for luma blocks and 4 and 6 tap FIR filters can be used for chroma blocks.

A filter length is initially determined by a minimum transform block size at the boundary. A conditional check can be performed using a variance to avoid blurring the actual edge. In addition, a flatness check can also be incorporated to finally determine the filter length.

The CDEF is a non-linear de-ringing filter applied along a detected directional feature in a target area. In some related examples, an 8×8 area is a unit size on which the CDEF is performed. A normative direction-detection can be performed as illustrated in FIG. 11 , which shows some exemplary directions in the CDEF process.

In FIG. 11 , a candidate direction d (0˜7) that minimizes a following quantity can be chosen as a dominant direction.

E _(d) ²=Σ_(k)[Σ_(p∈P) _(d,k) (x _(p)−μ_(d,k))²]  Eq. (2)

where x_(p) is a value of a pixel p, P_(d,k) are pixels in a line k following a direction d, and μ_(d,k) is a mean value of P_(d,k) obtained as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {\mu_{d,k} = {\frac{1}{❘P_{d,k}❘}{\sum_{p \in P_{d,k}}x_{p}}}} & {{Eq}.(3)} \end{matrix}$

A sum of all sample values within a block is a constant. Thus, minimizing Eq. 2 corresponds to maximizing the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {s_{d} = {\sum_{k}{\frac{1}{N_{d,k}}\left( {\sum_{p \in P_{d,k}}x_{p}} \right)^{2}}}} & {{Eq}.(4)} \end{matrix}$

Once the dominant direction is determined, the following filter operation can be performed. A primary filter is performed along the selected dominant direction while a secondary filter is performed along a secondary direction that is 45 degrees off the dominant (or primary) direction.

{circumflex over (p)}(x,y)=p(x,y)+Σ_(m,n) w _(d,m,n) ^(p)ƒ(p(m,n)−p(x,y),S ^(p) ,D)+Σ_(m,n) w _(d,m,n)ƒ(p(m,n)−p(x,y),S ^(s) ,D)  Eq. (5)

where w^(p) and w^(s) are fixed filter coefficients for primary and the secondary filters, respectively, and a piecewise linear function f is given as:

$\begin{matrix} {{f\left( {{diff},S,D} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{\min\left( {{diff},{\max\left( {0,{S - \left\lfloor \frac{diff}{2^{D - {\lfloor{\log_{s}S}\rfloor}}} \right\rfloor}} \right)}} \right)},{{{if}{}{diff}} > 0}} \\ {{{\max\left( {{diff},{\min\left( {0,\left\lceil \frac{diff}{2^{D - {\lceil{\log_{2}S}\rceil}}} \right\rceil} \right)}} \right)} - S},{otherwise}} \end{matrix} \right.} & {{Eq}.(6)} \end{matrix}$

with S and D representing strength and damping values, respectively, and up to 8 presets of (S, D) values for luma/chroma are signaled per frame.

When applying the filtering, each 64×64 block within a tile can choose one of the presets and the filtering can be performed on each 8×8 unit in the 64×64 respective block.

It is noted that during a decoding process, several variables related to signal characteristics of a local area can be parsed from a bitstream or derived. These variables include dir, var, priStr, secStr, and damping. The variable dir represents a dominant edge direction of an 8×8 block. The variable var represents a variance of signal values inside an 8×8 block and is defined as a normalized difference between a cost of a dominant direction and a cost along a direction that is orthogonal to the dominant direction. The variable priStr represents a primary filter strength S^(p) of a 64×64 block containing 8×8 filtering units. The variable secStr represents a secondary filter strength S^(s) of a 64×64 block containing 8×8 filtering units. The variable damping represents a damping parameter D of a 64×64 block containing 8×8 filtering units. These values can be obtained separately for luma and chroma channels.

After the deblocking and CDEF processes are performed, a mutually exclusive application of two types of restoration filter can be performed in some related examples such as AV1. The two types of restoration filter include Wiener filter and SGRPRJ filter. A square-shaped loop-restoration unit (LRU) size can be chosen from 64×64 to 256×256.

In the Wiener filter, the quality of each reconstructed pixel in a coded frame can be improved through a non-causal filtering with neighboring pixels within a W×W window around the respective pixel. The 2D filter taps of the Wiener filter can be denoted by F and determined as:

F=H ⁻¹ M  Eq. (7)

where H=E[XX^(T)] is an auto-covariance of x, which includes column-vectorized W² samples in the W×W windows, and M=E[YX^(T)] is a cross-correlation of x with an original source sample y.

In some related examples such as AV1, a separability of F and the symmetry and normalization of filter coefficients of the Wiener filter can be imposed as constraints. The Wiener filtering coefficients F (formed as a W²×1 vector) can be defined as:

F=column_vectorize[ab ^(T)]  Eq. (8)

where a and b are W×1 vertical and horizontal filters such that a(i)=a(W−1−i), b(i)=b(W−1−i), for i=0, 1, . . . , r−1, and Σa(i)=Σb(i)=1. The coefficients vectors a and b can be searched at an encoder and coded in a bitstream

In SGRPRJ filtering, a simple linear filtering described by a following model is performed to obtain a simple restored version {circumflex over (x)} from a degraded image x as follows:

{circumflex over (x)}=Fx+G  Eq. (9)

where F and G can be obtained using a guide image and a degraded image. In some related examples such as AV1, a form of self-guidance filtering is adopted where no separate guide image is used, but only the statistics of a degraded image itself are used to determine F and G.

More specifically, a local mean (μ) and variance (σ²) of pixels within a (2r+1)×(2r+1) window around a pixel can be calculated and every pixel x can be filtered as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {\hat{x} = {{\frac{\sigma^{2}}{\sigma^{2} + e}x} + {\frac{e}{\sigma^{2} + e}\mu}}} & {{Eq}.(10)} \end{matrix}$

where r specifies a search window size and e is a noise parameter controlling the de-noising strength.

Given two simple reconstructions X₁ and X₂ from a degraded image X by Eq. (9), the following subspace projection is performed to construct the final output X_(r),

X _(r) =X+α(X ₁ −X)+β(X ₂ −X)  Eq. (11)

With X, X₁, X₂, and the source Y, an encoder can compute α and β as follows:

[αβ]^(T)=(A ^(T) A)⁻¹ A ^(T) b  Eq. (12)

where A={X₁−X, X₂−X}, and b=Y−X.

Then, the encoder can send a 6-tuple (r₁, e₁, r₂, e₂, α, β) for each LRU.

IV. Feature Information Reuse for Enhanced Restoration Filtering

In some related examples such as AV1, a Wiener filter can be performed with a unit of square-size from 64×64 to 256×256 by uniformly dividing a frame/tile into LRUs. In an example, filter coefficients of the Wiener filter can be obtained by assuming the signal statistics are stationary. Therefore, it is desirable to classify a target area of filtering into one of categorized statistical types where the stationarity assumption can reasonably hold. Possible approaches of classifying the target area include using quantities such as local variances or edge information. While these quantities themselves or related category information can be calculated at a decoder or signaled in a bitstream, it can be costly in terms of computation or bitrate overhead.

In some related examples such as AV1, an SGRPRJ filter can be performed with a unit of square-size from 64×64 to 256×256 by uniformly dividing a frame/tile into LRUs. In the SGRPRJ filter, a form of simple edge-preserving filtering is performed to construct simple restored images using a fixed radius and noise parameter pair for each LRU. Furthermore, fixed projection parameters α and β can be used for each LRU as weighting factors for error images to form a final reconstruction. However, regions in the error images can have different statistical characteristics reflecting local signal features such as edges and textures. Therefore, if a single set of SGRPRJ filter parameters such as radius, noise-parameter, α, and β are to be used or estimated over an LRU region covering pixels with widely varying signal statistics, the quality of the final reconstruction can be compromised. On the other hand, incorporating signal classification for more adaptivity can essentially pose a same challenge as the Wiener filtering case in terms of the extra cost of computational burden or bitrate overhead.

This disclosure includes methods of enhancing the performance of the restoration filtering techniques by reusing feature information such as directionality information derived from a CDEF process and/or an intra prediction mode. For example, an adaptive restoration filtering technique can effectively reuse signal feature and statistics information already available at a decoder.

In the disclosure, a restoration filter (or filtering) process can be defined as a filtering process used for an operation of a noisy image and estimating a clean and original image based on the noisy image. The restoration filter process can include a process used for blurring an image or a reverse process used for an inverse of blurring the image. Examples of the restoration filter process include, but are not limited to, Wiener and SGRPRJ filtering processes. A restoration filter (or filtering) unit is a region where the restoration filter process is performed.

In the disclosure, a directionality information unit can be defined as a group of pixels with designated shapes and sizes and provide a dominant directionality of features represented by pixel values of the group of pixels. In an example such as AV1, each directionality information unit in a CDEF process can be an 8×8 block. A dominant direction and variance values of pixels in each 8×8 block can be derived in a normative way. In another example, directional intra prediction modes in AV1 can provide such information with units of varying shapes and sizes corresponding to intra prediction blocks.

According to aspects of the disclosure, directionality information derived at a decoder can be reused to infer the presence and directionality of boundary edges for a restoration filter, such as a Wiener filter or an SGRPRJ filter. For example, the directionality information can be derived from a CDEF process.

According to some embodiments, a shape and a size of a restoration filtering unit (e.g., Wiener or SGRPRJ filtering unit) can be defined using a multiple of available directionality information units (e.g., 8×8 blocks used in CDEF direction-detection and filtering in AV1). In such a way, a finer granularity of the directional adaptivity can be realized. Accordingly, a restoration filtering process can be performed with a smaller unit size than one of fixed square types of 64×64, 128×128, or 256×256 used in some related examples such as AV1.

In one embodiment, a size of a restoration filtering unit can be the same as an LRU size for example as defined in AV1.

In one embodiment, a size of a restoration filtering unit can be the same as a size of a directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8).

In one embodiment, a restoration filtering unit can be further split from a given LRU size into a square, rectangular shape, T-shape, or 4-way sub-LRUs similarly to or in alignment with partitions in some related examples such as the partitions in AV1, as shown in FIG. 12 .

In one embodiment, blocks each with a size of a directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8) can be merged by following various scanning orders to form a filtering unit. FIG. 13 shows an example where blocks each with a size of 8×8 directionality unit are merged into filtering units each with a size of 32×8 in a raster-scanning order. For example, four 8×8 directionality unit blocks (1301)-(1304) can be merged into a 32×8 filtering unit block (1310), and four 8×8 directionality unit blocks (1305)-(1308) can be merged into a 32×8 filtering unit block (1320).

In one embodiment, blocks each with a size of a directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8) and with similar directionalities can be merged by following various scanning orders to form a filtering unit. FIG. 14 shows an example where blocks each with a size of 8×8 directionality unit are merged into variable-sized filtering units in a raster-scanning order. The sizes of the filtering units include 8×8, 16×8, and 32×8. For example, one 8×8 directionality unit block (1401) can be an 8×8 filtering unit block (1410), two 8×8 directionality unit blocks (1403)-(1404) can be merged into a 16×8 filtering unit block (1420), and four 8×8 directionality unit blocks (1405)-(1408) can be merged into a 32×8 filtering unit block (1430).

According to some embodiments, each available directionality of a CDEF process can be directly used as a class index for a signal class, for which a unique set of restoration filter shapes and sizes can be defined. That is, a selection of a restoration filter can depend on the available directionalities of the CDEF process.

In one embodiment, a solution to an equation in the computation of a restoration filter such as Eq. (7) can be applied per signal class.

In one embodiment, different shapes of 2D filters with different numbers of filter-taps, with or without symmetry, can be used per signal class.

In one embodiment, the separability (separable or non-separable filter) of 2D filters can depend on the available directionalities of the CDEF process.

In one embodiment, multiple directions out of available directions of a CDEF process can be merged into a single class, resulting in a reduced number of directionality classes. A unique set of restoration filter shapes and sizes can be defined for each merged class.

According to some embodiments, in addition to the directionality, block variance information can be combined to further refine the directionality-based classes.

In one embodiment, a directionality information unit with a size of 8×8 in a CDEF process can be further classified into different sub-classes. The classification may be based on variance values of the directionality information unit. For example, if a number of classes based on directionality is 5 and a number of classes based on variance is 3, then there can be 15 signal classes, for each of which a set of restoration filter (e.g., Wiener or SGRPRJ) can be designed.

According to some embodiments, in addition to the directionality, filter strengths can be combined to determine signal classes of a restoration filtering unit. For example, signaled primary and secondary CDEF filter strengths can be combined to determine signal classes of a restoration filtering unit. Different filter strength presets chosen by an encoder can indicate different signal characteristics of a target area.

In one embodiment, one of the presets of primary and secondary filter strengths signaled in a bitstream can be directly used as another dimension of a signal class index. For example, if a number of classes based on directionality is 5 and a number of classes based on the presets of filter strengths is 4, then there can be 20 signal classes, for each of which a set of restoration filter (e.g., Wiener or SGRPRJ) can be designed.

According to some embodiments, a majority vote or consistency check of directionalities included in a restoration filtering unit can be performed to determine a filter class.

In one embodiment, when a size and a shape of a restoration filtering unit are fixed and a number of directionality information units (e.g. 8×8 in the case of CDEF) included in the restoration filtering unit is more than a predefined number, a majority vote or consistency check of directionalities included in the restoration filtering unit can be performed to determine a filter class.

In one embodiment, for the majority vote case, a most frequent directionality among available and possibly merged directionalities can be chosen. In an example, a certain margin can be set between the first and second most frequent directionalities.

In one embodiment, before taking the majority vote, it is determined whether a number of classes inside a restoration filtering unit is more than a predefined number. If it is true, inconsistency can be declared and either an explicit signaling for the restoration filtering unit or use of a smaller restoration filtering unit can be chosen.

According to some embodiments, the same manner and directionality information used for a restoration filtering unit in a luma component can used for a restoration filtering unit in a chroma component when such information is available only for the luma component from a CDEF process.

According to some embodiments, a restoration filtering unit in a chroma component can use its own filter strengths, such as preset values of primary and secondary filter strengths included in the chroma component when such information is available for chroma components.

According to some embodiments, a restoration filtering unit in a chroma component can use its own variance information when such information is available for chroma components.

In one embodiment, when a CDEF process is turned off and a restoration filter is turned on, a direction search process of the CDEF process as described in section III (loop filtering section) can be applied to derive the presence and the directionality of the boundary edges for the restoration filtering unit.

In one embodiment, when a CDEF process is turned off and a restoration filter is turned on, a default signal class is chosen or an explicit signaling of filter class index can be performed.

According to aspects of the disclosure, directionality information indicated by intra-prediction modes that are available at a decoder can be reused in a restoration filtering unit (e.g., Wiener or SGRPRJ filtering unit) as a guide to label signal classes, for each of which a unique set of the restoration filter shapes and sizes can be defined. In some embodiments, such directional information can be provided with varying unit sizes by an encoder for intra-prediction.

According to some embodiments, a shape and a size of a restoration filtering unit can be defined using a multiple of available directionality information units (e.g., 8×8 for a directional intra prediction unit in AV1). In such a way, finer granularity of the directional adaptivity can be realized. Accordingly, a restoration filtering process can be performed with a smaller unit size than one of fixed square types of 64×64, 128×128, or 256×256 used in some related examples such as AV1.

In one embodiment, a restoration filtering unit size can be the same as an LRU size for example defined in AV1.

In one embodiment, a restoration filtering unit size can be the same as that of the directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8).

In one embodiment, a restoration filtering unit can be further split from a given LRU size into a square, rectangular shape, T-shape, or 4-way sub-LRUs similarly to or in alignment with partitions in some related examples such as the partitions in AV1, as shown in FIG. 12 .

In one embodiment, blocks each with a size of a directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8) can be merged by following various scanning orders to form a filtering unit, as shown in FIG. 13 .

In one embodiment, blocks each with a size of a directionality information unit (e.g., 8×8) and with similar directionalities can be merged by following various scanning orders to form a filtering unit, as shown in FIG. 14 .

According to some embodiments, a fixed number of signal classes can be defined, and blocks of each signal class can have intra-prediction modes with similar directionalities. A unique set of restoration filter shapes and sizes can be defined for each of the signal classes. If non-angular intra modes such as SMOOTH (including SMOOTH, SMOOTH_H, SMOOTH_V modes), Paeth predictor, or DC mode are used, each or a combination of the non-angular intra modes can be associated with its own signal class.

In one embodiment, each of the 8 nominal angles together with the associated 7 possible delta-angles in AV1 can be grouped together to form a total of 8 directionality classes.

In one embodiment, a directionality class can depend on both a nominal angle and a delta-angle associated with the nominal angle.

According to some embodiments, when a restoration filtering unit area is not predicted using a directional intra mode or an intra prediction mode, a signal class of the restoration filtering unit can be determined based on neighboring blocks of the restoration filtering unit. A default signal class can be chosen or an explicit signaling of a signal class index or filter coefficients can be performed based on whether a neighboring block is coded in a directional intra mode or directionalities of the neighboring blocks are inconsistent. For example, if no neighboring block is coded in a directional intra mode or directionalities of the neighboring blocks are not consistent, a default signal class can be chosen or an explicit signaling of a signal class index or filter coefficients can be performed.

According to some embodiments, a majority vote or consistency check of directionalities included in a restoration filtering unit can be performed to determine a filter class.

In one embodiment, when a size and a shape of a restoration filtering unit are fixed and a number of directionality information units (e.g. 8×8 in the case of CDEF) included in the restoration filtering unit is more than a predefined number, a majority vote or consistency check of directionalities included in the restoration filtering unit can be performed to determine a filter class. The directionality information units can have varied sizes and different directional intra prediction modes.

In one embodiment, for the majority vote case, a most frequent directionality among available and possibly merged directionalities can be chosen. In an example, a certain margin can be set between the first and second most frequent directionalities.

In one embodiment, before taking the majority vote, it is determined whether a number of classes inside a restoration filtering unit is more than a predefined number. If it is true, inconsistency can be declared and either an explicit signaling for the restoration filtering unit or use of a smaller restoration filtering unit can be chosen.

According to some embodiments, a restoration filtering unit in a chroma component can use its own directionality information from directional intra prediction modes when such information is available separately for chroma components.

According to aspects of the disclosure, when directionality information is available from both intra prediction modes and a CDEF process, directional modes of the intra prediction modes together with the directionality information from the CDEF process can be used as a guide to identify and classify a restoration filtering unit (e.g., Wiener or SGRPRJ filtering unit).

In one embodiment, when directionality information is available from both an intra prediction direction and a CDEF process, a mapping of directionalities from both sources can be introduced in checking the consistency of the directional information. A classification-based restoration filtering process can be performed only when the directional information is consistent. FIG. 15 shows an example where intra prediction directions corresponding to 7 delta-angles associated with one of the 8 base-angles in AV1 can be mapped to a single directionality class and thus a one-to-one correspondence can be formed with the 8 directionalities derived during the CDEF process.

In one embodiment, directionality information from one of an intra prediction mode or a CDEF process can be used as a first source. The other one of the intra prediction mode or the CDEF process can be used only when a consistent direction cannot be determined with the directionality information from the first source.

It is noted that Wiener filter and SGRPRJ filter can be adaptively chosen per LRU in some examples such as AV1. Determination of the filter parameters and the filtering process can be performed per LRU for both filters in a same way. The differences can be the type and the number of the filter parameters.

In one embodiment, when an SGRPRJ filter is performed, a search-window size r and a noise-parameter e can be defined and used per signal class in the same way as the Wiener filter parameters.

In one embodiment, when an SGRPRJ filter is performed, projection parameters α and β can be defined and used per signal class in the same way as the Wiener filter parameters.

In one embodiment, when an SGRPRJ filter is performed, a search-window size r, a noise-parameter e, and projection parameters α and β can be defined and used per signal class in the same way as the Wiener filter parameters.

V. Flowchart

FIG. 16 shows a flow chart outlining an exemplary process (1600) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In various embodiments, the process (1600) is executed by processing circuitry, such as the processing circuitry in the terminal devices (210), (220), (230) and (240), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the video encoder (303), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the video decoder (310), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the video decoder (410), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the intra prediction module (452), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the video encoder (503), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the predictor (535), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the intra encoder (622), the processing circuitry that performs functions of the intra decoder (772), and the like. In some embodiments, the process (1600) is implemented in software instructions, thus when the processing circuitry executes the software instructions, the processing circuitry performs the process (1600).

The process (1600) may generally start at step (S1610), where the process (1600) determines directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on at least one of a CDEF process or an intra prediction mode. Then, the process (1600) proceeds to step (S1620).

At step (S1620), the process (1600) determines one of a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit. Then, the process (1600) proceeds to step (S1630).

At step (S1630), the process (1600) performs the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters. Then, the process (1600) proceeds to step (S1640).

At step (S1640), the process (1600) reconstructs the video frame based on the filtered restoration filter unit. Then, the process (1600) terminates.

In an embodiment, the restoration filter unit includes one or more directionality information units and the at least one of the CDEF process or the intra prediction mode is performed on one of the one or more directionality information units.

In an embodiment, each of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter is associated with at least one directionality of the CDEF process.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information and block variance information of the restoration filter unit.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit and filter strengths of the CDEF process.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) determines the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on at least one of a majority vote or a consistency check of directionalities in the restoration filter unit.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) determines the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on the intra prediction mode which is performed on a neighboring block of the restoration filter unit based on the restoration filter unit not being intra coded and the neighboring block being intra coded.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) performs the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the directionality information determined from the CDEF process matching the directionality information determined from the intra prediction mode.

In an embodiment, the restoration filter process is one of a Wiener filter process and an SGRPRJ filter process.

In an embodiment, the process (1600) determines the one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on one of a default set of filter parameters, a signaled index indicating a set of filter parameters, or a signaled set of filter parameters.

VI. Computer System

The techniques described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 17 shows a computer system (1700) suitable for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by one or more computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like.

The components shown in FIG. 17 for computer system (1700) are exemplary in nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration of components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of a computer system (1700).

Computer system (1700) may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video).

Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard (1701), mouse (1702), trackpad (1703), touch screen (1710), data-glove (not shown), joystick (1705), microphone (1706), scanner (1707), and camera (1708).

Computer system (1700) may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen (1710), data-glove (not shown), or joystick (1705), but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers (1709), headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens (1710) to include CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted). These visual output devices (such as screens (1710)) can be connected to a system bus (1748) through a graphics adapter (1750).

Computer system (1700) can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW (1720) with CD/DVD or the like media (1721), thumb-drive (1722), removable hard drive or solid state drive (1723), legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals.

Computer system (1700) can also include a network interface (1754) to one or more communication networks (1755). The one or more communication networks (1755) can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. The one or more communication networks (1755) can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of the one or more communication networks (1755) include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks commonly require external network interface adapters that attached to certain general purpose data ports or peripheral buses (1749) (such as, for example USB ports of the computer system (1700)); others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system (1700) by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks, computer system (1700) can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbus to certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces as described above.

Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core (1740) of the computer system (1700).

The core (1740) can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) (1741), Graphics Processing Units (GPU) (1742), specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) (1743), hardware accelerators for certain tasks (1744), graphics adapters (1750), and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) (1745), Random-access memory (1746), internal mass storage (1747) such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like, may be connected through the system bus (1748). In some computer systems, the system bus (1748) can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus (1748), or through a peripheral bus (1749). In an example, the screen (1710) can be connected to the graphics adapter (1750). Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and the like.

CPUs (1741), GPUs (1742), FPGAs (1743), and accelerators (1744) can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM (1745) or RAM (1746). Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM (1746), whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage (1747). Fast storage and retrieve to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU (1741), GPU (1742), mass storage (1747), ROM (1745), RAM (1746), and the like.

The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture (1700), and specifically the core (1740) can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core (1740) that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage (1747) or ROM (1745). The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core (1740). A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core (1740) and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM (1746) and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator (1744)), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof.

APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS

-   ALF: Adaptive Loop Filter -   AMVP: Advanced Motion Vector Prediction -   APS: Adaptation Parameter Set -   ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit -   ATMVP: Alternative/Advanced Temporal Motion Vector Prediction -   AV1: AOMedia Video 1 -   AV2: AOMedia Video 2 -   BMS: Benchmark Set -   BV: Block Vector -   CANBus: Controller Area Network Bus -   CB: Coding Block -   CC-ALF: Cross-Component Adaptive Loop Filter -   CD: Compact Disc -   CDEF: Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter -   CPR: Current Picture Referencing -   CPU: Central Processing Unit -   CRT: Cathode Ray Tube -   CTB: Coding Tree Block -   CTU: Coding Tree Unit -   CU: Coding Unit -   DPB: Decoder Picture Buffer -   DPCM: Differential Pulse-Code Modulation -   DPS: Decoding Parameter Set -   DVD: Digital Video Disc -   FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Area -   JCCR: Joint CbCr Residual Coding -   JVET: Joint Video Exploration Team -   GOP: Groups of Pictures -   GPU: Graphics Processing Unit -   GSM: Global System for Mobile communications -   HDR: High Dynamic Range -   HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding -   HRD: Hypothetical Reference Decoder -   IBC: Intra Block Copy -   IC: Integrated Circuit -   ISP: Intra Sub-Partitions -   JEM: Joint Exploration Model -   LAN: Local Area Network -   LCD: Liquid-Crystal Display -   LR: Loop Restoration Filter -   LRU: Loop Restoration Unit -   LTE: Long-Term Evolution -   MPM: Most Probable Mode -   MV: Motion Vector -   OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode -   PBs: Prediction Blocks -   PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect -   PDPC: Position Dependent Prediction Combination -   PLD: Programmable Logic Device -   PPS: Picture Parameter Set -   PU: Prediction Unit -   RAM: Random Access Memory -   ROM: Read-Only Memory -   SAO: Sample Adaptive Offset -   SCC: Screen Content Coding -   SDR: Standard Dynamic Range -   SEI: Supplementary Enhancement Information -   SNR: Signal Noise Ratio -   SPS: Sequence Parameter Set -   SSD: Solid-state Drive -   TU: Transform Unit -   USB: Universal Serial Bus -   VPS: Video Parameter Set -   VUI: Video Usability Information -   VVC: Versatile Video Coding -   WAIP: Wide-Angle Intra Prediction 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video decoding in a decoder, comprising: determining directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on directionality of each of one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit determined by at least one of a previously performed constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF) process or a previously performed intra prediction coding process; selecting, based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit, a set of filter parameters from among a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process; after the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process, performing one of a Wiener filter process or a self-guided projection filter process as the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the selected set of filter parameters; and reconstructing the video frame based on the filtered restoration filter unit.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more groups of pixels is a directionality information unit, the restoration filter unit includes one or more directionality information units, and the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process is performed on one of the one or more directionality information units.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process is associated with at least one directionality of the previously performed CDEF process.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the set of filter parameters includes determining one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information and block variance information of the restoration filter unit.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the set of filter parameters includes determining one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit and filter strengths of the previously performed CDEF process.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the directionality information of the restoration filter unit includes determining the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on at least one of a majority vote or a consistency check of directionalities of the one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein, in response to the restoration filter unit not being intra coded and a neighboring block of the restoration filter unit being intra coded, the determining the directionality information of the restoration filter unit includes determining the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on intra prediction coding which was previously performed on the neighboring block of the restoration filter unit.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing includes performing the one of the Wiener filter process or the self-guided projection filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the directionality information determined from the previously performed CDEF process matching the directionality information determined from the previously performed intra prediction coding process.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the performing includes determining boundary edges of the restoration filter process based on the selected set of filter parameters.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the set of filter parameters includes determining one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on one of (i) a default set of filter parameters, (ii) a signaled index indicating a set of filter parameters, or (iii) a signaled set of filter parameters.
 11. An apparatus, comprising: processing circuitry configured to: determine directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on directionality of each of one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit determined by at least one of a previously performed constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF) process or a previously performed intra prediction coding process; select, based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit, a set of filter parameters from among a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process; after the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process, perform one of a Wiener filter process or a self-guided projection filter process as the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the selected set of filter parameters; and reconstruct the video frame based on the filtered restoration filter unit.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each of the one or more groups of pixels is a directionality information unit, the restoration filter unit includes one or more directionality information units, and the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process is performed on one of the one or more directionality information units.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process is associated with at least one directionality of the previously performed CDEF process.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information and block variance information of the restoration filter unit.
 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine one of the plurality of sets of filter parameters of the restoration filter process based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit and filter strengths of the previously performed CDEF process.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on at least one of a majority vote or a consistency check of directionalities of the one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: in response to the restoration filter unit not being intra coded and a neighboring block of the restoration filter unit being intra coded, determine the directionality information of the restoration filter unit based on intra prediction coding which was previously performed on the neighboring block of the restoration filter unit.
 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: perform the one of the Wiener filter process or the self-guided projection filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the directionality information determined from the previously performed CDEF process matching the directionality information determined from the previously performed intra prediction coding process.
 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine boundary edges of the restoration filter process based on the selected set of filter parameters.
 20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform: determining directionality information of a restoration filter unit included in a video frame based on directionality of each of one or more groups of pixels in the restoration filter unit determined by at least one of a previously performed constrained directional enhancement filter (CDEF) process or a previously performed intra prediction coding process; selecting, based on the directionality information of the restoration filter unit, a set of filter parameters from among a plurality of sets of filter parameters of a restoration filter process; after the at least one of the previously performed CDEF process or the previously performed intra prediction coding process, performing one of a Wiener filter process or a self-guided projection filter process as the restoration filter process on the restoration filter unit based on the selected set of filter parameters; and reconstructing the video frame based on the filtered restoration filter unit. 